The Computer Virus Culture, Hacking and IT E-Book Dump Release
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SE4C03 Winter 2004
:
The Computer Virus Culture
Researcher: Jamie Mitchell #9903274
Last Revision Date: April 4, 2004
Relatively speaking, computer viruses are a new and unique phenomenon among
computer users. During the beginning of the computer revolution computer security was
only a passing concern. The industry was more concerned with ‘phreakers’, a term given
to people who were able to manipulate telephone networks, than with damaging software
(Krebs, 2003). Indeed, the idea of a ‘computer virus’ was not thought of until 1983,
when PhD student Fred Cohen coined the term (Krebs, 2003). At the time the term
computer virus was used to describe a program that can “affect other computer programs
by modifying them in such a way as to include a (possibly evolved) copy of itself” (Krebs,
2003).
It was not until three years later, in 1986, that the world saw its first working
computer virus. This virus, called the Brain virus, targeted the boot sectors of computers.
As well, this virus was able to hide itself from detection (EXN, 2003). In the years
following the release of the Brain virus, the world saw many more viruses enter the
computer scene. Two years later, in 1988, the first piece of anti-virus software was
written to combat the spread of computer viruses (EXN, 2003).
As computer use spread and more people became computer savvy, concerns about
the potential destructive power of computer viruses grew. The late eighties and early
nineties saw a continued rise in the number of viruses. The computer community
continued to be concerned over how intricate many computer viruses were becoming.
Public concern over these new types of viruses fueled several famous virus scares and
hoaxes. Most notable among these scares were the DataCrime and Michelangelo viruses
(EXN, 2003). The potential impact of these two viruses was overblown in part because
of an uninformed public and in part due to an overzealous media.
Today, the term computer virus has evolved slightly. Where once it just
described a piece of self replicating code, it now is an umbrella term used to categorize
many harmful applications. The most prominent of these applications that exists in
today’s society is the computer worm, which was again brought to fame by the mydoom
virus (Sophos, 2004). If anything, within the last twenty years the world has been shown
that computer viruses are here to stay. What the world is finding today is that there are
several different groups that both write and hunt computer viruses. Recent evidence is
pointing to a growing ‘culture’ of those who wish to create, spread or combat computer
viruses. What remains to be seen is if this emerging culture is healthy or harmful to a
world that is in the middle of its computer renaissance.
Traditionally, the image of one who creates and distributes computer viruses is
not a positive one. Within the media those who write computer viruses are often
portrayed as nerdy social outcasts with an axe to grind. This is a stereotype to be sure
and while it might be partly true, for the most part it is an oversimplification. The virus
creators of the late eighties were mostly researchers and students attempting to expand
their understanding of the computer world. It was not until the theory of computer
viruses became widely understood that the world saw a rise in damaging computer
viruses. The early nineties was the decade that truly saw a rise in damaging viruses. The
writers of these pieces of code would fit very nicely into the stereotype mentioned above.
However, today many of those who create computer viruses have escaped from this
stereotype.
Today, many of the people who write computer viruses are young adults in their
early twenties. Their social lives are in direct opposition to the typical ‘hacker’
stereotype. Indeed, many recent writers can hardly be classified as a ‘nerd’ (Thompson,
2004). In another move away from the virus writers of the nineties, today’s virus creator
have less destructive ends in mind. In the words of one computer virus creator “Anyone
can rewrite a hard drive with one or two lines of code. It's really lame. Besides which,
it's mean and I like to be friendly” (Thompson, 2004). Modern virus writers prefer to
learn from the code they create and then dispose of their creation. In this way, many of
the world’s most dangerous computer viruses never see the light of day. The viruses that
are released typically come from teenagers who pull viruses off the internet and pawn
them off as their own creation (Thompson, 2004).
As responsible members of society computer programmers can not simply write
off the threat that computer viruses pose to the wired world. Many of the viruses that
reach the ‘wild’ are extremely destructive and infectious. Two of the most recent virus
scares, the SoBig.f and Mydoom.A computer worms, raced around the world causing
billions of dollars in damage (Thompson, 2004). It is estimated that each month there are
about 800 new viruses created (Manktelow, 2004).
There are two main reasons that these 800 viruses are not crippling the world
wide computer network. First, many of the viruses created each month are mostly
harmless (Thompson, 2004). These harmless viruses do not attack a computer; rather
they spread some sort of message to each infected machine. No files are harmed or
deleted by these viruses. The second reason for the lack of killer computer viruses is a
world wide detection and prevention system that has appeared in recent years. One
company, Sophos, operates computer virus research labs across the world. The benefit of
this is that there is near continual monitoring of the internet for potentially destructive
computer viruses (Manktelow, 2004). The work of the researchers at Sophos labs serves
to protect much of the computer infrastructure of the world.
Certainly the history of computer viruses and the compute world is still too short
to allow for any worthwhile predictions to be made. Recent history would suggest that
the computer virus problem is one that will not go away. However, that is not to say that
tomorrow the total solution to the computer virus problem will not be found. It could be
that over time an uneasy equilibrium will be created between those who write computer
viruses and those who work to prevent their spread. The work of the virus writers in
Thompsons’ article and the continued work of organizations such as Sophos would tend
to suggest this scenario.
References
EXN. (2004). A History of Computer Viruses. Retrieved from
www.exn.ca/nerds/20000504-55.cfm
on March 22, 2004.
Krebs, Brian. (2003). A Short History of Computer Viruses and Attacks. First
Published in the Washington Post on February 14, 2003. Retrieved from
www.securityfocus.com/news/2445
Manktelow, Nicole. (2004). The Virus Squad. Retrieved from
smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/27/1077676958408.html on March 22, 2004.
Sophos. (2004). Sophos Virus Analysis: W32/MyDoom-A. Retrieved from
www.sophos.com/virusinfo/analyses/w32mydooma.html
o
n March 22, 2004.
Thompson, Clive. (2004). The Enemy Within. First published in The Observer
on Sunday February 22, 2004. Retrieved from
observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,6903,1153270,00.html
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