The German Language, KSIĄŻKI W JĘZ.ANGIELSKIM
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The
THE
German
GERMAN
Language
LANGUAGE
A Linguistic Introduction
Jean Boase-Beier and Ken Lodge
THE GERMAN LANGUAGE
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
Glottal
p
b
t
d
cJ
k g
qG
¯˜N
?
t
Î
Plosive
m
Â
n
r
Q
≤
Nasal
B
R
Trill
Œ
Tap or Flap
SZ
ßΩCÔ
F
β
f
v
TD
s
z
xƒ
X‰ Ó ¿ h˙
Fricative
Lateral
fricative
Approximant
Lateral
approximant
¬
…
V
®
l
„
Ò
j
¥L
M
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
VOWELS
Clicks
\
Bilabial
|
Dental
!
(Post)alveolar
»
Palatoalveolar
«
Alveolar lateral
Voiced implosives
∫
Bilabial
∂
Dental/alveolar
S
Palatal
©
Velar
ç
Uvular
Ejectives
’
Examples:
p’
Bilabial
t’
Dental/alveolar
k’
Velar
s’
Alveolar fricative
Front
Central
Back
u
i
y
ˆ
¨
µ
Close
IY
U
e
Ø
e
ø
Ï
o
Close-mid
@
E
“
´
„
√
O
Open-mid
{
å
a
”
A
Å
Open
OTHER SYMBOLS
∑
Voiceless labial-velar fricative
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Ç
Alveolo-palatal fricatives
Û
w
Voiced labial-velar approximant
W
Alveolar lateral flap
Á
Voiced labial-palatal approximant
Í
Simultaneous
S
and
x
H
Voiceless epiglottal fricative
˘
Voiced epiglottal fricative
≥
Epiglottal plosive
SUPRASEGMENTALS
@
‡
ts
Affricates and double articula-
tions can be represented by two
symbols joined by a tie bar if
necessary.
'
Primary stress
"
Secondary stress
æfoUn@'tIS@n
e:
e:
e
:
Long
:
Half-long
%
Extra-short
|
Minor (foot) group
«
Major (intonation) group
.
Syllable break
‡
Linking (absence of a break)
Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.
˜
9
Dental
˚
DIACRITICS
8
Voiceless
8nd
3
Breathy voiced
3ba
`
Creaky voiced
`ba
Linguolabial
t d
w
Labialized
t
w
d
w
j
Palatalized
t
j
d
j
ƒ
Velarized
t
ƒ
d
ƒ
¿
Pharyngealized
t
¿
d
¿
`
Velarized or pharyngealized
Ú
>
Raised
9td
6
Voiced
s
Q
ª
Apical
ªtd
t
h
d
h
h
Aspirated
0
Laminal
0td
®i.{kt
e
~
Nasalized
)
More rounded
O
(
Less rounded
O
d
n
n
Nasal release
u
4
Retracted
e
#
Centralized
e
Mid-centralized
e
æ
Syllabic
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
LEVEL
l
d
l
±
Advanced
Lateral release
CONTOUR
d
No audible release
Extra
high
High
Mid
Low
Extra
low
e
é
e
è
e
-
_
⁄
¤
‹
›
fi
e
ê
e
e
e
—
–
or
Rising
Falling
High rising
Low rising
Rising-falling
≈
≈
e
®
(
=
v
oiced alveolar fricative)
N
<
Lowered
e
ı
(
=
voiced bilabial approximant)
7
Non-syllabic
e
‚
Advanced Tongue Root
e
Downstep
Upstep
Global rise
Global fall
Æ
Rhoticity
@Æ aÆ
·
Retracted Tongue Root
e
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993, corrected 1996)
Source
: Reprinted by permission of the International Phonetic Association
/I
P
A/
ipa.html
)
.
The IPA can be contacted through the Secretary, John Esling (esling@uvic.ca
)
.
The
THE
German
GERMAN
Language
LANGUAGE
A Linguistic Introduction
Jean Boase-Beier and Ken Lodge
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]